In addition to our own intellectual property and patent filing, the following is a select bibliography of research related to footwear technology in the public domain.

Patent: Modular Shoe Systems and Methods of Using Same

USPTO #: US-20170079370-A1, WIPO (PCT) #: WO2014143692A1

Research pertaining to the use of computer aided design for footwear

Cheung, J. T.-M., Yu, J., Wong, D. W.-C., & Zhang, M. (2009). Current methods in computer-aided engineering for footwear design. Footwear science, 1(1), 31-46.

Lemmon, D., Shiang, T., Hashmi, A., Ulbrecht, J. S., & Cavanagh, P. R. (1997). The effect of insoles in therapeutic footwear—a finite element approach. Journal of biomechanics, 30(6), 615-620.

Research pertaining to the foot bed

Brenton-Rule, A., D’Almeida, S., Bassett, S., Carroll, M., Dalbeth, N., & Rome, K. (2014). The effects of sandals on postural stability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an exploratory study. Clinical Biomechanics, 29(3), 350-353.

Burke, J. R. (2012). Effects of footwear comfort perception on the neuromuscular control of balance. International Journal of Neuroscience, 122(4), 209-220.

Erdemir, A., Saucerman, J. J., Lemmon, D., Loppnow, B., Turso, B., Ulbrecht, J. S., & Cavanagh, P. R. (2005). Local plantar pressure relief in therapeutic footwear: design guidelines from finite element models. Journal of biomechanics, 38(9), 1798-1806.

Goske, S., Erdemir, A., Petre, M., Budhabhatti, S., & Cavanagh, P. R. (2006). Reduction of plantar heel pressures: Insole design using finite element analysis. Journal of biomechanics, 39(13), 2363-2370.

Hatton, A. L., Rome, K., Dixon, J., Martin, D. J., & McKeon, P. O. (2013). Footwear interventions: a review of their sensorimotor and mechanical effects on balance performance and gait in older adults. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 103(6), 516-533.

Healy, A., Naemi, R., & Chockalingam, N. (2013). The effectiveness of footwear as an intervention to prevent or to reduce biomechanical risk factors associated with diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 27(4), 391-400.

Murley, G. S., & Bird, A. R. (2006). The effect of three levels of foot orthotic wedging on the surface electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles during gait. Clinical Biomechanics, 21(10), 1074-1080.

Murley, G. S., Landorf, K. B., & Menz, H. B. (2010). Do foot orthoses change lower limb muscle activity in flat-arched feet towards a pattern observed in normal-arched feet? Clinical Biomechanics, 25(7), 728-736.

Murley, G. S., Landorf, K. B., Menz, H. B., & Bird, A. R. (2009). Effect of foot posture, foot orthoses and footwear on lower limb muscle activity during walking and running: a systematic review. Gait & posture, 29(2), 172-187.

Shariatmadari, M. R., English, R., & Rothwell, G. (2012). Effects of temperature on the material characteristics of midsole and insole footwear foams subject to quasi-static compressive and shear force loading. Materials & Design, 37, 543-559.

Viswanathan, V., Madhavan, S., Gnanasundaram, S., Gopalakrishna, G., Das, B. N., Rajasekar, S., & Ramachandran, A. (2004). Effectiveness of different types of footwear insoles for the diabetic neuropathic foot A follow-up study. Diabetes care, 27(2), 474-477.

Research pertaining to the Midsole

Burke, J. R. (2012). Effects of footwear comfort perception on the neuromuscular control of balance. International Journal of Neuroscience, 122(4), 209-220.

Frey, C. (1997). Footwear and stress fractures. Clinics in sports medicine, 16(2), 249-257.

Goonetilleke, R. S. (1999). Footwear cushioning: relating objective and subjective measurements. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 41(2), 241-256.

Ly, Q. H., Alaoui, A., Erlicher, S., & Baly, L. (2010). Towards a footwear design tool: Influence of shoe midsole properties and ground stiffness on the impact force during running. Journal of biomechanics, 43(2), 310-317.

Menant, J. C., Perry, S. D., Steele, J. R., Menz, H. B., Munro, B. J., & Lord, S. R. (2008). Effects of shoe characteristics on dynamic stability when walking on even and uneven surfaces in young and older people. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 89(10), 1970-1976.

Menant, J. C., Steele, J. R., Menz, H. B., Munro, B. J., & Lord, S. R. (2008). Optimizing footwear for older people at risk of falls. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 45(8), 1167-1182.

Morio, C., Lake, M. J., Gueguen, N., Rao, G., & Baly, L. (2009). The influence of footwear on foot motion during walking and running. Journal of biomechanics, 42(13), 2081-2088.

Murley, G. S., Buldt, A. K., Trump, P. J., & Wickham, J. B. (2009). Tibialis posterior EMG activity during barefoot walking in people with neutral foot posture. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 19(2), e69-e77.

Nigg, B. M., & Gérin-Lajoie, M. (2011). Gender, age and midsole hardness effects on lower extremity muscle activity during running. Footwear science, 3(1), 3-12.

Oriwol, D., Sterzing, T., & Milani, T. L. (2011). The position of medial dual density midsole elements in running shoes does not influence biomechanical variables. Footwear science, 3(2), 107-116.

Perry, S. D., Radtke, A., & Goodwin, C. R. (2007). Influence of footwear midsole material hardness on dynamic balance control during unexpected gait termination. Gait & posture, 25(1), 94-98.

Price, C., Graham-Smith, P., & Jones, R. (2013). A comparison of plantar pressures in a standard flip-flop and a FitFlop using bespoke pressure insoles. Footwear science, 5(2), 111-119.

Ramanathan, A., Parish, E., Arnold, G., Drew, T., Wang, W., & Abboud, R. (2011). The influence of shoe sole's varying thickness on lower limb muscle activity. Foot and Ankle Surgery, 17(4), 218-223.

Robbins, S., Gouw, G. J., & McClaran, J. (1992). Shoe sole thickness and hardness influence balance in older men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40(11), 1089-1094.

Robbins, S., & McClaran, J. (1995). Effect of footwear midsole hardness and thickness on proprioception and stability in older men. Paper presented at the Biomedical Engineering Conference, 1995., Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern.

Robbins, S., Waked, E., Allard, P., McClaran, J., & Krouglicof, N. (1997). Foot position awareness in younger and older men: the influence of footwear sole properties. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45(1), 61-66.

Robbins, S., Waked, E., Gouw, G., & McClaran, J. (1994). Athletic footwear affects balance in men. British journal of sports medicine, 28(2), 117-122.

Research pertaining to the Outsole

Frey, C. (1997). Footwear and stress fractures. Clinics in sports medicine, 16(2), 249-257.

Menant, J. C., Steele, J. R., Menz, H. B., Munro, B. J., & Lord, S. R. (2008). Optimizing footwear for older people at risk of falls.

Menant, J. C., Steele, J. R., Menz, H. B., Munro, B. J., & Lord, S. R. (2010). Step time variability and pelvis acceleration patterns of younger and older adults: effects of footwear and surface conditions. Research in Sports Medicine, 19(1), 28-41.

Menz, H. B., & Lord, S. R. (1999). Footwear and postural stability in older people. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 89(7), 346-357.

Robbins, S., Waked, E., & Krouglicof, N. (1998). Improving balance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 46(11), 1363-1370.

Research on older adults – dynamic balance (functional)

de Morais Barbosa, C., Bértolo, M. B., Neto, J. F. M., Coimbra, I. B., Davitt, M., & de Paiva Magalhães, E. (2012). The effect of foot orthoses on balance, foot pain and disability in elderly women with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial. Rheumatology, 52(3), 512-522.

Gross, M. T., Mercer, V. S., & Lin, F.-C. (2012). Effects of foot orthoses on balance in older adults. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 42(7), 649-657.

Mulford, D., Taggart, H. M., Nivens, A., & Payrie, C. (2008). Arch support use for improving balance and reducing pain in older adults. Applied Nursing Research, 21(3), 153-158.

Research on older adults – dynamic balance (walking)

Galica, A. M., Kang, H. G., Priplata, A. A., D’Andrea, S. E., Starobinets, O. V., Sorond, F. A., . . . Lipsitz, L. A. (2009). Subsensory vibrations to the feet reduce gait variability in elderly fallers. Gait & posture, 30(3), 383-387.

Gross, M. T., Mercer, V. S., & Lin, F.-C. (2012). Effects of foot orthoses on balance in older adults. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 42(7), 649-657.

Hartmann, A., Murer, K., de Bie, R. A., & de Bruin, E. D. (2010). The effect of a training program combined with augmented afferent feedback from the feet using shoe insoles on gait performance and muscle power in older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Disability and rehabilitation, 32(9), 755-764.

Hatton, A. L., Dixon, J., Rome, K., Newton, J. L., & Martin, D. J. (2012). Altering gait by way of stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot: the immediate effect of wearing textured insoles in older fallers. J Foot Ankle Res, 5(11).

Maki, B. E., Cheng, K. C.-C., Mansfield, A., Scovil, C. Y., Perry, S. D., Peters, A. L., . . . Corbeil, P. (2008). Preventing falls in older adults: new interventions to promote more effective change-in-support balance reactions. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18(2), 243-254.

Mulford, D., Taggart, H. M., Nivens, A., & Payrie, C. (2008). Arch support use for improving balance and reducing pain in older adults. Applied Nursing Research, 21(3), 153-158.

Perry, S. D., Radtke, A., McIlroy, W. E., Fernie, G. R., & Maki, B. E. (2008). Efficacy and effectiveness of a balance-enhancing insole. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 63(6), 595-602.

Stephen, D. G., Wilcox, B. J., Niemi, J. B., Franz, J., Kerrigan, D. C., & D’Andrea, S. E. (2012). Baseline-dependent effect of noise-enhanced insoles on gait variability in healthy elderly walkers. Gait & posture, 36(3), 537-540.

Research on older adults – static balance

Gross, M. T., Mercer, V. S., & Lin, F.-C. (2012). Effects of foot orthoses on balance in older adults. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 42(7), 649-657.

Palluel, E., Nougier, V., & Olivier, I. (2008). Do spike insoles enhance postural stability and plantar-surface cutaneous sensitivity in the elderly? Age, 30(1), 53-61.

Palluel, E., Olivier, I., & Nougier, V. (2009). The lasting effects of spike insoles on postural control in the elderly. Behavioral neuroscience, 123(5), 1141.

Priplata, A. A., Niemi, J. B., Harry, J. D., Lipsitz, L. A., & Collins, J. J. (2003). Vibrating insoles and balance control in elderly people. The Lancet, 362(9390), 1123-1124.

Qiu, F., Cole, M. H., Davids, K., Hennig, E., Silburn, P., Netscher, H., & Kerr, G. (2012). Enhanced somatosensory information decreases postural sway in older people. Gait & posture, 35(4), 630-635.

Wang, C.-C., & Yang, W.-H. (2012). Using detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) to analyze whether vibratory insoles enhance balance stability for elderly fallers. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 55(3), 673-676.

In addition to our own intellectual property and patent filing, the following is a select bibliography of research related to footwear technology in the public domain.

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